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Faster. Lighter. More powerful. These are the constant imperatives for computing and mobile-communications gear. The latest laptops and cell phones offer the kind of unprecedented connectedness that even James Bond would admire. Chip speeds, network improvements, and design innovation are driving spectacular growth in digital capabilities. Where the smallest devices once commanded premium pricing, now smaller is often cheaper.

A sign of the times: More laptops are being bought by consumers than ever before. Desktop computers are becoming commodity products, with prices as low as $300 for speedy models. Starting at $400, laptops can challenge their desktop counterparts on speed and capability.

And why remain tethered to a power cord and network cabling when Wi-Fi connectivity beckons? For those who prefer the heft and expandability of desktop computers, larger, thinner monitors with wide-screen proportions are changing the look of home offices and living rooms.

Among other trends shaping computing and communications hardware, you'll find:

Cell phones sizzle. Mobile telephony is no longer just a matter of voice and text messaging. Most new cell phones allow you to check e-mail, browse the Web, play games, and take photos. Wireless video and TV can use improvement, but models that double as MP3 players are handy hybrids. Top-of-the-line models called smart phones combine personal digital assistant (PDA) capabilities with mobile phoning so you can irjake voice calls or wirelessly connect to the Internet at near-wired broadband speeds.

Cordless phones go cell-like. Some cordless phones can tap into cell-phone service and some resemble a cell phone. For greater security, new cordless phones use digital technology. A growing number can handle multiple handsets from a single base, even if phone jacks are scarce. Some cordless models connect directly to Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone service.

Desktops downsize. Many desktop computers are still boxy and bulky, but you can find slimmer models. All-in-one systems, which integrate the disk drives, sound card, memory, and more into the display rather than in a separate tower, are also on the rise.

Even laptops get smaller. Netbooks, also known as subnotebooks, have 7- to 9-inch displays and weigh about 2 to 3 pounds. They aim to be your second computer for Web surfing and e-mailing while traveling.

Be cyber-secure. Consumer Reports' latest look at the State of the Net found that your odds of becoming a cybervictim are about 1 in 6, down from 1 in 4 last year.

CELL PHONES

Cell phones of all stripes now offer some of the attributes of Apple's iPhone. Some feature-rich smart phones might not match the IPhone for multimedia prowess, but all have larqe, easily readable screens and simplified menus. Other smart phones are shrinking Jn size and price.

But not everyone needs a sophisticated phone driven by a computerlike operating system. Our tests are still dominated by regular phones you typically get for $100 or less with a two-year service commitment. Here's, the news in phones of all types:

More keyboards. With text messaging the most common cell-phone activity after voice calls, more phones sport the familiar QWERTY keyboard already found on most smart phones.

Dual-connection phones. Some phones can handle voice calls on either a phone network or a Wi-Fi connection. The Wi-Fi connection also provides faster Internet browsing and downloading. Some CDMA phones can also connect to the GSM networks of foreign countries.

More music features. Even the most basic cell phones now have an MP3 player with improved capabilities, though the music itself is still typically loaded from your computer via cable. Many even support stereo Bluetooth headsets for music enjoyment with fewer wires.

Better cameras. Most new phones have cameras with resolutions of 1 to'2 megapixels that are capable of producing respectable snapshots, though many still don't have a flash, helpful when taking photos in dark environments. Some models with 3 megapixels and up pair sharper image sensors with high-grade lenses, autofocus, zoom, and brightness controls for greater photo control.

In the end, we use our phones to make calls, and as our latest tests reveal, voice quality still lags behind cordless and corded phones on traditional landlines. Even talk time, though acceptable, hasn't improved much in recent years.

WHAT'S AVAILABLE

You can find cell phones in many outlets, including carrier stores, independent wireless retailers, electronics stores, and Web sites. But the cell phone is only part of what you need. You also have to sign up for service with a wireless provider and choose a calling plan.

The providers. The major national companies are Alltel, AT&T, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile, and Verizon Wireless. There are also many local or regional providers.

Leading phone manufacturers include LG Electronics, Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, and Sanyo. Prices range from free with a two-year contract (including rebates) to $200 or more for an unlocked phone without a carrier commitment.

FEATURES THAT COUNT

In addition to the useful phone and multimedia features of today's cell-phone models, consider the following:

Speakerphone. A built-in speakerphone, which allows hands-free use in a car or elsewhere. (But avoid using any phone, even hands-free, while driving.)

Programmable jog dial. Lets you program all the pressure points on a circular jog as shortcuts to the most-used features and functions, such as address book and text messaging.

Standard headset connector. The standard headset connector on the handset, also known as a 2.5-mm or 3.5-mm connector, is compatible with most aftermarket wired headsets. Some phones with a proprietary connector may include an adapter to a standard connector.

Voice command. This feature allows you to dial numbers from your phone book by speaking the name, without the usual training. You can also dial numbers by pronouncing the digits.

Preset and custom text messages. Besides providing a quiet means of communication, text messages have been known to get through even when networks are overloaded. Most phones come with preset messages, such as "running late" or "call home." And most allow you to program customized messages.

Bluetooth. This technology enables the phone to work with wireless headsets and most hands-free car systems for tanglefree calls. Some phones support stereo Bluetooth headsets for music and other multimedia; some can wirelessly exchange pictures, contacts, and other files with other compatible Bluetooth devices, such as a computer, cell phone, or PDA.

Memory card. Many phones have slots that accept memory cards to expand storage capacity by as much as 32 gigabytes (GB). The removable cards can also serve as an easy way to shuttle files between your phone and other devices. Card formats include Secure Digital (SD) card, miniSD, and microSD.

GPS navigation. All phones have some type of location-based technology to help emergency responders find you when you dial 911 or 112. But an increasing number of phones support GPS navigation services. They integrate GPS with maps and search engines to give you real-time, spoken, turn-by-turn directions to an entered address, or to help you find nearby businesses by name or category. Some phones have automatic rerouting, audible turn-by-turn directions, and other advanced capabilities.

Hearing-aid compatibility. Some phones interfere with hearing aids. Even those with hearing-aid-compatible designations are not guaranteed to work with all hearing aids. Your doctor can help you choose a phone compatible with the aid you use. Or go to www.accesswireless.org.

Other useful capabilities you might want to consider are a music player, megapixel camera, wireless-broadband-data capability, as well as child-location and callmanagement services.

HOW TO CHOOSE

Decide how you'll use the phone. Choose a simple model if you need only voice and text messages, or want to limit cost and size. The keypad and overall operation are generally fairly straightforward. All allow you to store frequently used numbers and send and receive text messages, and many have basic cameras and Bluetooth support for wireless hands-free communication.

You'll probably need to spend more than $100 to access high-speed data networks (3G) and enjoy music and video-based services. Other capabilities might include a touch screen, a QWERTY keyboard, a multimegapixel camera, an HTML browser, memory-card storage for music and pictures, and more options for custom ring tones, games, and other services.

Consider the carrier. Most phones work only with a specific carrier, so you might have to decide whether to stay with your current provider or select a new one when shopping for a phone. Major carriers use one of two digital networks: CDMA (Alltel, Sprint, and Verizon) or GSM (AT&T and T-Mobile). The network plays a big part in the capabilities your phone will have and, to some extent, its performance.

Most GSM phones, for example, provide more talk time on a battery charge, typically five hours or more, compared with three or four hours for a CDMA phone. Another GSM plus: Those phones have a SIM card that stores your account information and, if you choose, your phone book. When you switch to a new phone, you can simply remove the card from inside the old phone and insert it into the new one. But you can't use a T-Mobile SIM card in an AT&T phone, or vice versa.

Also, GSM phones work more widely across the world than do CDMA models. In our tests, CDMA phones typically have modestly better voice quality than GSM models, and a few simpler models still offer analog backup, handy for rural areas where digital service is unavailable. But the FCC no longer requires carriers with digital networks to provide analog service. Subscribers to analog-only carriers will still have their service, but their phones may no longer work in areas dominated by digital carriers. (GSM phones don't have analog backup.) CDMA data networks are also generally faster than GSM. That enables them to deliver a wider variety of services and entertainment. There is a trade-off, though: CDMA phones that support those sophisticated services lack analog backup. Some CDMA carriers such as Verizon offer phones that can switch to GSM when used outside of the United States.

You'll often find phones described as quad- or tri-band, tri-mode, dual-band, or multinetwork. Here are the specifics:

*Tri-band, quad-band, or "world phones" operate on GSM networks in the U.S. and abroad. Tri-band phones with 850/1800/1900-MHz capability can operate on two bands domestically and one internationally. Tri-band phones with 900/1800/1900-MHz capability operate on one band in the U.S. (1900 MHz) and two bands internationally. Quad-band phones can operate on all four bands for maximum potential coverage.

*Tri-mode phones can access a digital network on two frequency bands and older analog wireless networks, giving you the best potential coverage in most areas of the U.S.

*Dual-band phones can connect to a digital network on two different frequency bands. GSM providers often use the term 850/1900-MHz instead of dualband. Dual-band phones work as well as tri-mode as long as you are in range of your home network.

*Multinetwork phones are compatible with more than one digital network, often on two frequency bands. Some can also access analog networks. They are best for people who travel frequently overseas and who are customers of Sprint Nextel or Verizon. Sprint Nextel and Verizon offer multi-network phones that operate on GSM networks internationally, and domestically on their CDMA (code division multiple access) networks (for the Sprint Nextel and Verizon phones) or iDEN (integrated digital enhanced network) networks for the Nextel phones that have walkie-talkie capability.

Look for useful features. Cameras and music players are fun, but features such as programmable jog dial, speakerphone and voice command might be more useful.

Consider shape and size. Phones that fold, slide, or swivel are typically more compact when closed. Phones shaped like candy bars can be used without first being opened. The best choice depends largely on personal preference, so visit a store and hold the phone if possible. Make sure you can comfortably use most keys with one hand. Make a test call and access menu items. We've found that flat or virtual keypads make dialing more difficult without looking. Other call clunkers include keys that are small, oddly shaped, or arranged in unusual patterns, especially if you're trying to dial a number in dim light.

Check the display. Most color screens are fine in dim and normal light, but some are harder to see in daylight or under bright light. Try the phone outside or under bright light. In our tests, phones that displayed incoming and outgoing numbers in large black type against a white background were the easiest to read under, most conditions. Also make sure indicators such as battery life and signal strength are clearly visible.

Check for special prices and promotions. Rebates and special offers can be substantial, but they change frequently. To get the best deal, check the carrier's offerings online and in its retail stores, and then see what independent dealers offer at their Web sites and in their outlets. If possible, buy a new phone when you're switching carriers or signing a new service commitment with your existing carrier. You almost always get a better deal.

Check the return policy. Make sure you can return the phone if you're not happy with it. Some stores attach stiff servicecancellation fees on top of what a carrier might charge.

Don't buy phone insurance. All major cell carriers offer insurance policies that cover lost, stolen, or damaged phones. Those policies typically cost about $4 to $5 a month and carry a $35 to $100 deductible. We don't think insurance is worthwhile for most consumers. The cost of the premium over a year, for example, would be $50 or $60. Tack on the deductible, and you've paid as much as you would have to buy a new phone. In addition, some insurance plans require you to fill out a police report, and damaged phones are often replaced with a refurbished phone that might not even be the same model.

Related CR report: January 2008

Ratings: page 211

Tech tip

Dual- , quad- or tri-band, tri-mode, or multinetwork describe the ways a phone can connect to one or more wireless networks.

Shop smart

Phones that display numbers in large black type against a white background are the easiest to read under most conditions.

DESKTOP COMPUTERS

Design and reliability can help you decide on a brand to buy.

Fully loaded desktops selling for less than. $600 are common. But with most PCs now running Windows Vista, it's important to ensure your system has at least 2GB of RAM. Anything less will affect performance. RAM upgrades cost only $40 to $80.

Performance has been relatively consistent among established brands, so differences in manufacturers* tech support now matter more than ever. Consumers think PC tech support is dismal, according to our latest subscriber survey of computer users. Apple has kept its lead (though it offers telephone support free for only 90 days after purchase), while most other brands continue to show only so-so performance.

The most serious criticism is that the support people simply can't solve problems. Support via e-mail, the manufacturer's Web site, and live-chat online support were problematic, too. Your best bet might be to pay for independent tech support.

Repair rates for computers are also higher than for most electronics products we track, according to the Consumer Reports Annual Questionnaire.

WHAT'S AVAILABLE

There are nine major brands of desktops. Computers from Acer [which recently purchased Gateway), Dell, Compaq, eMachines, Gateway (which owns eMachines), HP (which owns Compaq), Lenovo (formerly branded as IBM), and Sony all use Microsoft's Windows operating system. Dell owns the high-end gaming brand Alienware, and HP owns VoodooPC.

Apple is the sole maker of Macintosh models. Newer Macs are able to run Windows as well as Apple's own OS X.

Many small mail-order and store brands cater to budget-minded buyers.

Price: $400 to $3,000 or more.

FEATURES THAT COUNT

The processor houses the "brains" of a computer. Its clock speed, measured in gigahertz (GHz), and the chip's design, termed "architecture," determine how fast it can process information. Within a processor family, the higher the clock speed, the faster the computer. The lowest-priced Windows systems probably use processors like Pentium Dual-Core, Celeron D, Athlon 64, and Sempron. Most common now, however, are dual-processor desktops. Dual-core processor families from Intel (Core 2 Duo) and AMD (Athlon 64 X2) represent newer technologies developed to increase processing power beyond what a single-chip processor can achieve. Macs have transitioned to Intel Core 2 Duo series processors. Quad-core processors are also becoming more common in higher-end desktops. The different types of processors make direct speed comparisons difficult, but any recent dual-core processor type will probably deliver all the speed you'll need.

Most brand-name computers have at least IGB of RAM, the memory the computer uses while in operation. For anyone using Windows Vista or Mac OS X, we recommend at least 2GB of RAM. Memory upgrades are not expensive.

Windows Vista is available in several versions with different hardware requirements. Vista Home Basic leaves out several features we liked. Vista Ultimate is costlier, with more features than most borne users need. We recommend Home Premium for home use.

All computers have a graphics adapter, which is integrated on the motherboard or on a separate internal plug-in card. In addition to feeding the computer's display with an analog (VGA) or a digital (DVI) connection, a graphics adapter might have an additional output such as an S-video or HDMI port to feed video to an external TV (common), or accept video from an external analog source (rare). But an adapt- er can always dis- play video from whatever source: a file, a DVD, an ex- ternal analog feed, or a TV tuner. All desktops and lap- tops come with a minimum of inte- grated graphics ca- pability for watching DVDs or playing casual games like solitaire. To play 3D-intensive games, we recommend a video adapter with at least 256 MB of video memory.

Video RAM, also measured in megabytes, is secondary RAM that works with the graphics processor to provide smooth video imaging and game play. Gamers should have a dedicated graphics processor with 256MB of memory or more.

The hard drive is your computer's longterm data storage system. Given the diskspace requirements of today's games, digital photos, and video files, bigger is essential. Sizes commonly range from 250GB to 1,000GB.

For removable storage, a DVD writer is standard gear. It also lets you transfer home-video footage or digital photos to a DVD disc, or store as much data as six CDs. The newest options are highdefinition (HD) disc drives, capable of playing Blu-ray discs.

There are three competing, incompatible DVD formats-DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM-as well as drives that can create dual-layer DVDs that store twice as much. Some drives can write in more than one format, but all can create a disc that will play on stand-alone DVD players. Older ones will not play DVD-RAM.

Also available: DVD burners for highdefinition video, which will allow storing 15GB or more on a disc. With the HD disc format wars over, Blu-ray drives are the standard to look for.

Most PCs now come with a memorycard reader for memory cards used in digital cameras. You can also use external drives or a USB memory drive to copy files to and from the hard drive.

Monitors come in sizes from 15 to 24 inches and larger (measured diagonally). Nineteen- and 20-inch LCD monitors are common. You can often obtain a deep discount by buying a display bundled with a new computer at a manufacturer's Website.

Many desktop computers are still boxy and bulky, but slimmer models are coming on strong. The principal components of a desktop computer are usually housed in a case called a tower. Typically, the tower can fit on top of or under a desk. Some more expensive machines have larger towers, with extra room for upgrades like more bard drives. Some systems utilize a slim case, a spacesaving alternative that leaves less room for upgrading.

All-in-one computers, such as the Apple iMac, have no tower; everything but the keyboard and mouse is built into the monitor. Most major brands now have at least one all-in-one model.

Most computers come with a standard keyboard and mouse, although you can also buy them separately. We recommend spending a little more for an optical mouse. Wireless keyboards and mice allow cable-free flexibility.

Computers for home use feature a high-fidelity sound system. Three-piece speaker systems with a subwoofer have deeper, more powerful bass. Surroundsound systems can turn a computer into a home theater. There are connections for an external audio source (such as a microphone) and for headphones.

There are several types of ports on computers. Some come with a modem to allow a dial-up Internet connection, as well as an Ethernet port or wireless network card that lets you link several computers in the household to share files, a printer, or a broadband Internet connection. USB ports provide a connection to many add-on devices. FireWire or IEEE 1394 ports are used to capture video from digital camcorders and connect to other peripheral devices. An S-video or HDMI output jack lets you run a video cable from the computer to a television so you can use the computer's DVD drive to view a movie on a TV. Media-center computers (equipped with TV tuners) can also capture video from a VCR, letting you copy tapes to DVDs.

HOW TO CHOOSE

Pick the right type of desktop. Budget computers are suitable for routine work, such as e-mail, word processing, Web surfing, and photo editing. Workhorse computers cost a few hundred dollars more but are faster and more versatile. They can run some 3D games and edit video. They're also upgradable, a plus if you store a lot of music or video on your hard drive. For more intensive 3D gaming, look for a high-end system with dual-core processors and extra video memory.

Choose by brand. Our surveys have shown tech support and reliability to be undistinguished for most brands, with a few exceptions: Tech support for Apple's desktops and laptops stood out. In addition, Lenovo's problem-solving capabilities for laptops were outstanding, and Dell's for desktops and laptops were above average. Some brands cost more than others.

Choose between preconfigured and custom-built. You can buy a computer off the shelf in a store or via the Web with features and options geared to average consumers. Also consider purchasing a desktop configured to order, either online or in a store.

Decide between Windows and Mac. More software is available for Windows computers than for Macs. But Apple repeatedly scores best in tech support and has been consistently reliable for desktops. According to our surveys, viruses and Spyware have targeted Macs less often than Windows PCs. The newest Macs also let you run Windows as a second operating system.

Consider security. Your choice of hardware and software can affect your ability to deflect intruders and defend your data. Viruses and Spyware are far more likely to target Windows PCs than Macs. Windows Vista has tighter security than XP. If you opt for a Windows PC, use antivirus, firewall, and antispyware programs. Many computers include Norton Internet Security or McAfee Internet Security Suite, but those are often limited to 30 to 90 days of use. Upgrade and update starter packages or replace for long-term protection. Apple users should also use antivirus software.

Consider extended support. We don't recommend extra-cost service plans for repair coverage alone. We've long said extended tech support is worth considering for Macs, due to Apple's brief free support. Along with Apple, Dell's and Gateway's extended plans were also better at problem solving than their standard support. Spend no more than IQ percent of your computer's price for each year of extended coverage.

Related CR report: September 2008

Ratings: page 216

Tech tip

Although video RAM works with the graphics processor, gamers might need a dedicated graphics processor.

LAPTOP COMPUTERS

Variety in sizes and packages add choices for any location.

If there's one word that characterizes the latest crop of laptop computers, it's variety. Our tests of laptops encompass a wide range of shapes, sizes, and packages, including the thinnest, smallest, and largest laptops we've ever tested.

Each of these designs has a specific purpose. Some increase portability, while others save space or money. The thinnest on the market are less than an inch thick and weigh just 3 to 5 pounds. But you'll pay a premium and make some sacrifices in performance, screen size, and features. A new class of laptops, called netbooks, have 7- to 9-inch screens, weigh only 2 to 3 pounds, and cost as little as $300.

As computers have become a repository for digital photos, music, and video, manufacturers have made laptops and their peripherals even more competitive with home-entertainment systems.

A desktop computer typically costs less for equivalent performance and is easier to upgrade, expand, and repair. It usually offers better ergonomics, such as a more comfortable keyboard, bigger eye-level display, and enhanced audio. But as costs plummet, a laptop computer is your best choice if portability and compactness are priorities. A laptop is the most convenient way to take full advantage of the growing availability of high-speed wireless Internet access. All laptops now have wireless networking capability built in.

WHAT'S AVAILABLE

Acer, Dell, Gateway (purchased by Acer), HP (which also makes Compaq), Lenovo (formerly branded as IBM), Sony, and Toshiba are the leading Windows laptop brands. Apple makes MacBook, MacBook Pro, and MacBook Air models, which use the Mac OS operating system. Laptops can be grouped into several basic configurations:

15.4-inch models. For a balance of price, portability, and performance, 15.4-inch laptops are a good choice. Lower-priced models have slower processors and fewer features, and most likely come with integrated graphics. They are suitable if you are more concerned about price than performance. Higher-priced models have faster processors and better graphics capability for 3D gaming. Price: $600 and up.

17-inch models. If you want a laptop with the power and performance to replace your desktop computer, consider a 17-inch model. Weighing in at 6 or more pounds, they're too heavy, to carry around frequently. But the larger screen combined with high-end processors and better graphics cards make them suitable for a wide variety of tasks and multimedia. Price: $800 and up.

13.3-inch models. These are your best choice for lightweight mobile computing, but you pay a premium for portability. They're about an inch thick and generally weigh from 3 to 5 pounds. Some, like the MacBook Air, require an external drive or network access to a shared drive to read DVDs or burn CDs. Price: $1,000 and up.

14.1-inch models. Still relatively light at 5 to 6 pounds, these have a slightly larger screen and are easier on your wallet. Price: $700 and up.

Tablet-style. These sit in your hand like a clipboard and have handwritingrecognition software. Some convert to a "normal" laptop with a keyboard. Price: $1,000 and up.

Netbooks. Once called subnotebooks, they have 7- to 10-inch screens and are suitable for Web browsing and e-mail. Price: under $500.

FEATURES THAT COUNT

Most laptops come with a dual-core processor. Cheaper ones come with a processor such as the Intel Pentium DualCore or AMD Turion X2, which are fine for most home or school applications. Power users should get a Core 2 Duo. Recently, Intel introduced a new chipset called Centrino 2 for laptops. AMD also recently introduced a new chipset.

Laptops come with a 120 to 500GB hard drive and at least IGB or more of RAM. We recommend 2GB, especially if you will be using Windows Vista.

Laptops use a rechargeable lithiumion (Li-ion) battery. In CONSUMER REPORTS' tests, a battery provided 2 to 5.5 hours of continuous Use when running office applications. To lengthen battery life, dim the display ahd turn off wireless devices when not needed.

Playing a DVD movie uses more power than other functions, but most laptops should be able to play one through to the end. Many laptops can accept an "extended" battery, adding weight but giving as much as twice the battery life.

A laptop's keyboard might have fullsized keys-though lightweight models pare them down-but they may be laid out differently than on a desktop.

A 14- to 15-inch display, measured diagonally, should suit most people. Displays that are 17 inches are also common. A wide-aspect display fits wide-screen DVD movies better.

A resolution of 1440x900 (WXGA+) pixels (picture elements) or more is better than 1280x800 (WXGA) for viewing the fine detail in photographs or video, but it might shrink objects on the screen. You can change settings in Windows or the Mac operating system to make screen images larger.

Most models are offered with a glossy display instead of a matte one. Those look better in bright ambient light as long as you avoid direct reflections. See how the screen looks in bright light before buying. Antireflective coatings may or may not reduce glare.

A new display technology called LED-backlit LCD is making its way into laptops. One advantage is more efficient use of power and longer battery life.

Most laptops use a small touchpad in place of a mouse; you slide your finger across it to move the cursor. You can also programjthe pad to respond to a "tap" as a "click," or scroll as you sweep your index finger along the pad's right edge. An alternative system in Lenovo ThinkPads uses a pointing stick the size of a pencil eraser. You can attach a USB or wireless mouse or trackball if you prefer.

Laptops usually include at least one PC card or ExpressCard slot for expansion, such as a cellular modem.

A built-in DVD burner is common, except in the slimmest models. A few laptops are now available with a Blu-ray player.

Some laptops offer a connection for a docking station, a $100 to $200 base that makes it easy to connect an external monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, network, and power in one step.

At least two USB ports for connecting by wire, say, a printer or a digital camera, are standard. A wired network (Ethernet) port is also standard. A FireWire port for digital-video transfer is common.

Wireless connectivity is also essential. An internal wireless-network (Wi-Fi) adapter is standard. Another option is an internal Bluetooth wireless adapter to link to a Bluetooth-capable cell phone, camera, or another laptop.

A growing number of laptops include fingerprint scanners and facial recognition as convenient alternatives to typing a password when logging in.

For backing up files or transferring them to other computers, you can use a USB memory (or "thumb") drive (about $20 and up), which fits on a keychain and holds as much data as a CD-R, or save files on a writeable CD or a camera's memory card.

The small speakers built into laptops often sound tinny. Headphones or external speakers deliver much better sound.

HOW TO CHOOSE

If you want to buy a laptop, consider the following:

Windows vs. Macintosh. Many people choose laptops using the Windows operating system because it's what they've always used, but Apple's Mac OS is a fine alternative. In recent subscriber surveys, Consumer Reports found Apple's technical support to be top-notch (although it's free for only 90 days). According to another survey, we found that Apple computers were less susceptible to most viruses and spyware than Windows-based computers. Among Windows laptops, Lenovo's tech support was very good at problem solving. Dell's problem-solving skills were above average.

Buy retail. There's no need to tailor your computer's configuration; you can purchase a laptop off the shelf. (You can do the same online if you opt for the default choices of equipment the manufacturer offers.) Most retail configurations are quite robust. Laptops come in a range of styles and it pays to compare them in the store. Try them out to find one that is comfortable to use.

Beef it up. Make sure a hew computer has enough oomph to suit you for some time to come. Adding RAM is the most cost-effective way to do this. Many manufacturers offer 2GB as a standard practice. RAM shouldn't cost more than $40 to $80 per gigabyte.

Downplay the processor speed. All of today's processors are fast enough for most home applications.

Evaluate. Look for a full-sized keyboard. Touchpads should be large enough so your finger can cover the span of the screen without repeatedly lifting it, and touchpad buttons should be easy to find and press. The laptop shouldn't get hot during use (89 to 100 degrees is a good range), and it should run quietly. Ideally, devices such as optical drives should be in front for easy access.

Decide on a screen size. Laptops with a 15-inch screen generally offer the ideal balance of performance, portability, and price. They weigh about 6 pounds, although some are lighter. They're good for those who take a laptop along less frequently and can easily be configured to serve as a desktop replacement. Laptops with 14-inch displays are a good alternative for travelers on a budget.

If you're planning to carry the laptop around with you frequently, consider a 13-inch model. You'll lighten your load by a pound or more, and you'll find many of the same features available on larger laptops. But you might give up some speed, and it will cost a few hundred dollars more than a larger laptop.

Linux has gained favor among some laptop manufacturers, who have been installing it on small, 7- and 9-inch laptops mostly geared toward students and business users. One advantage is lower cost. The ASUS Eee PC, for example, is priced at just $300. It's got a 7-inch screen, flashmemory storage for saving power, and a 24-month warranty. You can choose from beginner mode or experienced, so users with no Linux experience can easily start using the system out of the box. It weighs about two pounds and battery life was measured at 3 hours and 45 minutes. We only recommend it for basic tasks and it won't run most of the application programs you're familiar with (but it does offer free alternatives).

For a full-blown, entertainment-oriented desktop replacement, consider a 17-inch model, which has better speakers and more options for multimedia features. It will cost more than a desktop, but it's space-saving and can be moved around as needed.

Recycle your old laptop. Recycle your old computer, but only after you securely erase all personal information on its hard drive. For a Windows PC, a free utility called Eraser (www.heidi.ie/eraser) will do so.

Although recycling services may vary from state to state, computer manufacturers offer a few options. When you buy a computer or monitor from Apple, the company will recycle, for free, one computer, one monitor, and peripherals. Dell also offers free recycling, and when you buy a Dell product you get free recycling of any brand of computer or monitor.

HP will recycle any brand of computer, monitor, printer, and other items for a fee of $13 to $34. Gateway lets buyers of its products trade in old computers and other equipment from any manufacturer for cash. The same program applies to eMachines. Sony has a free drop-off recycling program, but locations are limited. Lenovo offers recycling for $30, including shipping. You need to supply your own packaging. The company sometimes offers $50 off on the purchase of a Lenovo product if you use its recycling service.

Related CR report: September 2008

Ratings: page 218

Shop smart

A laptop is the most convenient way to take full advantage of the growing availability of wireless Internet access.

Tech tip

One advantage to an LED-backlit LCD display on the laptop is that it's more efficient, resulting in longer battery life.

CORDLESS PHONES

Untethered home phones face the challenge of cell and Internet calls.

Cordless phones are adapting to a world crowded with wireless and Internet-based devices. New phones can happily coexist with home networks or let you place calls over your cell-phone service or the Internet. Some can even switch from regular landline service to Internet phone service to help you save on long-distance charges.

One of the most promising developments is the arrival of phones that operate in a different frequency band than Wi-Fi, networks, Bluetooth, baby monitors, and other wireless devices. The goal is to eliminate interference with other devices-and our tests showed it does exactly that. The technology is called Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT, often called DECT "6.0" for no apparent reason other than to convince buyers they're getting something better than a 5.8-GHz phone).

Even phones in the heavily trafficked 2.4-GHz band have tackled the interference problem. In our tests, "wirelessnetwork-friendly phones," from AT&T minimized or eliminated interference by avoiding portions of the band used by Wi-Fi networks (they still may cause interference to other Wireless products).

Some cordless models can stand in for your cell phone. By placing your cell phone near the cordless phone's base, you can access your wireless service via Bluetooth technology and use your cordless handset to make or take cell calls. Besides receiving better cell-phone reception within your home, you can use whichever account offers unused talk time.

But before you buy such a phone, make sure your cell phone is compatible by checking the vendor's Web site.

Other cordless models let you switch between traditional landline and Internet phone service, also known as VoIP. Such phones have a regular phone jack and an Ethernet jack for hookup to your home network. Long-distance users can save big with VoIP and the required highspeed Internet access. Plans offered by cable companies typically include unlimited domestic calls for about $20 a month, plus comparatively low-cost international calls. Some phones have VoIP service, such as Skype, built in. Skype is a peer-to-peer service that lets you call any Skype subscriber in the world for free. Connecting with non-Skypers in the U.S. is also a bargain at $90 a year.

WHAT'S AVAILABLE

AT&T, GE, Panasonic, Uniden, and VTech account for most of the market. VTech owns the AT8cT Consumer Products division and now makes phones under the AT&T brand as well as its own name. The current trends include phones that support two or more handsets with one base, less inexpensive 5.8-GHz analog phones, and full-featured 1.9-, 2.4and 5.8-GHz digital phones. Many phones now include an additional handset with a charging cradle, often with an option to add more (digital models only). More than a third of the cordless phones sold include a digital answering machine. Price ranges: $15 and up for single-handset phones, $50 and up with built-in answering machine; $25 and up for multiplehandset phones, $80 and up with built-in answering machine.

HOW TO CHOOSE

Consider the following when shopping for a phone:

Choose analog or digital technology. Analog phones are less expensive and tend to have better voice quality than digital models, though their range is somewhat shorter. They are unlikely to cause interference with other wireless products. But anyone with a radio frequency (RF) scanner or comparable wireless device might be able to listen in. Analog phones are also more likely to suffer occasional static and RF interference from other wireless products. Also, multiple-handset-capable phones can't conference handsets with an outside party, and the number of handsets supported by the base unit is typically limited to two.

Digital phones provide more security and more immunity to RF interference. Their range may be slightly better than that of analog phones. Some phones-usually the 2.4-GHz or the multiplehandset capable phones with handset conferencing capabilities-use such a wide swath of the spectrum even in standby mode that they may interfere with other wireless products in the same frequency band. DECT 6.0 phones use the 1.9-GHz frequency band, which was recently reserved by the FCC for voiceonly applications. DECT 6.0 phones tend to have the longest talk time. Some digital models support up to 12 handsets from one base and allow conferencing of handsets.

To be sure you're actually getting a digital model, check the packaging. Look for wording such as "digital phone," "digital spread spectrum (DSS)," "frequencyhopping spread spectrum (FHSS)," or "digital enhanced cordless tele-communications (DECT)". Phrases such as "phone with digital security code," "phone with all-digital answerer," or "spread spectrum technology" (not digital spread spectrum) all denote phones that are less secure. Phones that use dual-band transmission may indicate the higher frequency in a larger print on the packaging. If you want a true 5.8- or 2.4-GHz phone, check the fine print. If only the frequency is prominently shown on the package, it's probably analog.

Decide on number of extensions. Multiple-handset phones support (and usually include) multiple handsets from one base; each extra handset sits in its own charging cradle, without the need of a phone jack. You only need an electrical outlet for each handset.

Settle on the features you want. You can expect caller ID, a headset jack, and a base that can be wall-mounted. Key features such as a speaker phone for handsfree communication, a keypad for dialing from the base, and a large LCD screen can help you get the most from your phone. As a rule, the more feature-laden the phone, the higher its price.

Decide which performance nuances matter most to you. Our tests show that most new cordless phones have very good overall voice quality. Some are excellent, approaching the voice quality of the best corded phones. In our latest tests, most fully charged batteries provided 8 hours or more of continuous conversation before they needed recharging. DECT 6.0 phones averaged more than twice as long. Most manufacturers claim that a fully charged battery will hold its- charge at least a week in standby mode. When the battery can no longer hold a charge, a replacement battery, usually proprietary, costs about $10 to $25. Some phones use less-expensive AA or AAA rechargeable batteries.

Decide whether you want an answerer. Many people still do, despite the ubiquity of cell phones with voice-mail capability. Both single- and multiplehandset phones come in versions with a built-in answerer. Such phones often cost little more than comparable phoneonly models and take up about the same space. Look for models with very good voice quality for recorded messages and good quality for the greeting.

Standard features include a selectable number of rings and a toll-saver, answerer on/off control, call screening, remote access, speaker-volume control, and a variety of ways to navigate through your messages. Most have one mailbox, a message day/time stamp, a messagecounter display that indicates the number of messages received, and a visual indicator that lets you know when you have new messages. During a momentary power outage, most will retain messages and the greeting.

Related CR report: October 2007

Shop smart

Multiple-handset phones require a phone jack only for the base. Extra handsets need only an electrical outlet.

GPS NAVIGATION

Drivers find added features and lower prices on new models.

If you often travel to new places for work or pleasure, 'have trouble reading maps, or simply hate to ask for directions, you might consider a Global Positioning System (GPS) navigator for your car. Once you input a destination, the system will plot a route, give spoken turn-by-turn directions, and display the route as you go. Most let you choose your routing preferences, including the shortest distance, the fastest time, or even routes with no toll roads. Some portable units even offer routes for walkers or bicyclists.

You can also quickly find a variety of points of interest, such as gas stations, ATMs, hotels, tourist attractions. You can search for a specific point of interest, near your current location or in a different area. You can choose a nearby restaurant by type of food. Once you've located what you want, the system can calculate a route to get you.there.

As more manufacturers continue to enter this competitive market, GPS prices are coming down and budgetpriced units are including features previously available only on more expensive models. For example, the Garmin ntivi 260W comes with preloaded maps for the U.S., Canada, and Puerto Rico, and provides spoken street names, photo viewer, trip computer, calculator, and unit and currency converters, yet it is priced at just $320. Higher-priced models can include such features as an MP3 player and Bluetooth-phone compatibility, which allows you to access phone numbers from your cell phone or call a number displayed on your GPS unit-handy for, say, making a reservation at a restaurant. Added services, such as traffic and weather reports, are becoming widely available, though they often require a subscription, costing around $60 per year.

Extra features aside, our testing has shown that GPS devices will typically get you to your destination, but not always by the most efficient route and all will have some database errors. There is no substitute for knowledge and experience with local roads and traffic situations.

WHAT'S AVAILABLE

GPS devices can be built-in units in new cars, telematics systems, aftermarket portable or in-dash units, cell phones, PDAs, and laptop computers. AU have pros and cons. Choosing the right one for you depends on your needs and budget.

Built-in systems. These are options when you buy a new car. They typically retail for about $2,000 when offered alone but are often bundled with other, features, such as a backup camera or a highend audio system, that can add another $1,000 or more. Built-in systems can be easier to use, with large, clear screens that are optimally located in the dashboard and have generally intuitive controls. Some use touch-screen displays that make it easy to input destinations and navigate through menus. Some can also respond to voice commands, giving you the added safety of keeping your eyes on the road and hands on the wheel.

And more systems are now providing real-time traffic reports, which can alert you to congested traffic, accidents, or road construction.

Automaker systems, however, are also the most expensive type of navigators. Because they're built-in, you can't take them with you if you have more than one car or rent a car. Map updates must be purchased from the carmaker and can cost hundreds of dollars. Some systems prevent you from entering destinations while the car is moving. While this is intended to limit driver distraction, it also means a passenger can't program your system unless the car is stopped. Finally, you won't be able to upgrade to new technology or features until you buy a new car. Similarly, if you're shopping for a used car, be aware that an earlier navigation system may have old technology and limited or outdated mapping.

Aftermarket in-dash systems. If you like the idea of an in-dash unit but aren't buying a new car or don't want a factory version, you might consider an aftermarket system installed into a car after it's purchased. They are typically packaged as part of a premium audio system. Like automaker systems, these can have a large, easy-to-read screen; some can show real-time traffic conditions along your route and play DVDs. In some systems, the motorized screen is retracted into the dash and out of sight until you want to use it, which keeps the dash uncluttered during normal driving. Aftermarket systems can cost as much as factory systems, and are best installed by a pro. Keep in mind that the audio systems in some vehicles are so integrated into the dash that it's difficult to install an aftermarket unit.

Telematics systems. These systems, which are only available on certain brands of cars, include OnStar from General Motors, Lexus Link, and Tele Aid from Mercedes-Benz. They combine GPS and cellular data technology, enabling drivers to contact a call center for help at the push of a button. All offer a variety of emergency and convenience services, some of which are free. Users of any of the three can opt for a navigation package that enables them to tell the service operator the address or point of interest they're looking for. Turn-by-turn verbal directions are then downloaded to the car to guide you to the destination, similar to a conventional GPS device.

In addition to verbal directions, some cars provide a graphic display for upcoming turns. These systems generally don't offer a full map display, though some new GM models now do.

Advantages include ease of use and being able to ask for directions even while driving. Another plus is that you don't have to pay for updated mapping information. On the downside, you have to be in an area with cell-phone coverage for the system to work. And the services can be expensive. GM sells more than 50 models with OnStar standard or as an option. Some in- clude a free one- year trial period. After that, basic ser- vice starts at $199 a year and includes emergency service, remote unlocking, and stolen vehicle location. Adding navigation capability costs another $100 per year. Buyers of some premium models get free navigation for the first year.

Lexus buyers must first pay $900 for the Lexus Link option, which includes one year of emergency help but not navigation. Adding navigation, which includes point-of-interest locations and the ability to call a friend, relative, or taxi if you can't drive, costs another $200 for the first year. Subsequent years cost $199 annually for the basic service or $399 with the navigation package.

Tele Aid is standard on most MercedesBenz models. Basic service includes roadside assistance and emergency help; it is free the first year and $240 annually after that. Traffic information and turn-by-turn navigation are available for $450 annually.

Aftermarket portable systems. Today's portable units offer most of the features of built-in systems in a package you can carry with you. They can be moved from car to car, and their light weight and small size make them easy to pack in luggage. With prices typically $200 to $800, portable units are much less expensive than built-ins. Features in portable units have been advancing. Real-time traffic reporting is available even on more-affordable units, and some now offer voice-command capability.

But portables have smaller screens than built-in automaker systems, which can make them harder to read at a quick glance. You also have to securely mount the device to prevent possible injury in an accident, make sure it's out of the way of possible air-bag deployment, and remember to hide or take it with you when you leave the car (theft of GPS units is a growing problem).

If the unit's battery loses its charge, and for long trips of more than 3 hours or so, you will have to deal with a power cord to a power outlet.

GPS-capable smart phones and PDAs. A number of smart phones and PDA models have been introduced with integrated GPS receivers and mapping software. This allows them to function as a portable navigation device, with all the features of a dedicated GPS unit. While this eliminates the need to have two separate devices, smart phone and PDA screens tend to be smaller than those on dedicated GPS units, and they can be more difficult to use. With prices ranging from $400 to $600, they are more expensive than basic portable units.

If you want navigation capabilities for your smart phone or PDA but don't have a model with an integrated receiver and software, you can often buy an add-on device starting at about $100. This usually consists of a Bluetooth GPS receiver and software for the phone or PDA.

Cell-phone-based navigation. Some cell-phone service carriers, including AT&T, Sprint, and Verizon, are now providing GPS navigation that can be accessed through compatible cell phones. Unlike GPS-capable smart phones and PDAs, these phones don't have preloaded maps or a points-of-interest database; they access the information wirelessly over the company's data network. Menus and features are similar to other portable systems, including spoken and on-screen turn-by-turn directions, traffic info, and a point-of-interest menu. Advantages include the convenience of carrying one less device, continuously updated databases, and the ability to call ahead to a destination with the push of a button.

Moreover, the service's cost is typically about $10 per month, or it can be used for about $3 per day-handy if you need directions only occasionally.

The small size of some cell-phone screens can make the map and directions hard to see. Smaller speakers compromise the audio quality of spoken directions, and small buttons are harder to manipulate than on larger devices. Not all phones are available with mounting systems; universal mounts are available, but expect to pay around $50. And the navigation function doesn't work if you don't have access to cellular data coverage.

Map software and GPS receivers for computers. You can turn your laptop into a navigational device with an add-on GPS receiver and map program. These are available from such companies as DeLorme, Garmin, and Microsoft, starting at under $100. While providing functions similar to a dedicated GPS device, a laptop can be impractical to use while driving, and the screens can be difficult to see in a car, due to glare.

FEATURES THAT COUNT

Screen sue. Built-in navigation systems typically have large screens (about 7 inches, measured diagonally) housed in the center of a car's dashboard. Portable systems we've tested have had screens from 2.5 to 5 inches. The smallest displays can be hard to see and can make for tedious programming with their small touch-screen buttons. On the other hand, the largest portable units can be bulky to carry around and, when mounted to the windshield, can obstruct a driver's view of the road. For portables, 3.5-inch screens provide a good compromise (but 4.3-inch screens are becoming the benchmark).

Map database. Dedicated GPS devices now come with a comprehensive map of the entire U.S. already installed. Depending on the system, the map software resides on a solid-state memory card or an internal hard drive, although in our experience, it makes little difference in performance. Map updates for portable Units can typically be downloaded over the Internet or on an SD card plugged into your computer and then transferred to the GPS unit. Updates can be free or cost a fee, depending on the company. You probably won't need to update your maps more than every couple of years. Maps for other countries are also available for some systems.

Spoken directions. This is a core feature of virtually all modern navigation systems. The better ones provide more precise di- rections, such as telling you to turn onto a specific street, highway, or route number, rather than the more general "right turn ahead" or similar direction. This function, sometimes called text-to-speech, can be especially useful in urban driving, where streets can be close together. With good spoken directions, you don't have to look at the display as often, allowing you to keep your eyes on the road. Most systems allow you to choose from a variety of voices, with some now offering other languages. One company, Navtones, even provides celebrity voices for TomTom models.

Automatic rerouting. If you miss a turn, the system will automatically program a new route that will get you back on course. All systems provide this.

Predictive data entry and dynamic search. These functions make entering a city name or address faster. With predictive data entry, available from Alpine, Cobra, Harman Kardon, HP, Jensen, Magellan, Mio, and Pioneer, as you type, the screen's keyboard will highlight only letters that help complete a known name. If you type "PITT," "S" will be highlighted as a possible next letter for Pittsburgh.

Almost all models have dynamic search; as you type, a unit will narrow down a list of possible matches. Type "SAN," and the list might include San Diego or San Francisco. You can then choose from those or continue typing.

Voice command. Some systems now have voice-recognition software that allows you to perform some functions simply by speaking commands. Before buying, compare which functions can be controlled orally; the more, the better. In our experience, voice-command systems can be helpful. But some need improvement; you might have to repeat commands at times or the system might misinterpret them. In our tests, this feature has worked better in factory systems than in portable units.

Detour feature. If you see traffic along your route, a "detour" button will calculate an alternative route for a specific distance. That can be helpful in evaluating options before changing course.

Real-time traffic reports. Traffic information can provide warning of a problem or slow-moving traffic, enabling a driver to route around it In some units, if traffic congestion is detected on your current route, the system will automatically ask if you want to find another route. The real-time data are typically transmitted through an FM signal or a satellite radio signal. The service is currently available only in major metro areas, and the quality of information it provides varies by city.

Traffic information can be useful, but it can also be limited, inconsistent, and sometimes inaccurate. And to get it, some portable devices need a special receiver that costs up to $200. Higherend models and automaker systems with this capability have a built-in receiver. For this service, you might also need to pay a fee, typically $60 per year.

Toll-road warning. Some systems can alert you to tolls on your route and allow you to request a route that avoids them.

Mounts and mounting. Most portable systems use a large suction cup that fixes them to the inside of the windshield: The bracket between the suction cup and the screen unit is typically either an angled rigid arm, or a flexible gooseneck. We recommend the rigid-arm type because the gooseneck mounts are apt to vibrate when the car is in motion. A "bean bag" mount simply sits on the dashboard. It's a cinch to use but can slide and even fall off the dashboard during abrupt movements. Two states, California and Minnesota, prohibit drivers from mounting devices to the windshield.

Power supply. All portable systems can be powered through a car's 12-volt socket, and most also have an internal rechargeable battery. An internal power supply lets you minimize the tangle of cords in the car. We found that these units operate for several hours on a charge, though testing showed significant variance among the latest models. Internal power allows you to practice using the system and to program destinations while out of the car, or to use the device as a handheld tool when walking or bicycling. An AC power adapter is sometimes included so the unit can be used and recharged indoors.

Bluetooth compatibility. This allows the user to make and receive hands-free telephone calls using the unit's internal speaker, microphone, and screen. It automatically quiets directions while the call is being made. It can also display the user's telephone book and show a caller's ID onscreen. You can also dial phone numbers of point-of-interest locations. It requires a Bluetooth-compatible telephone.

MP3 player. The device can store and play preloaded audio files, through its speaker, headphones, or through the car's audio system using an FM transmitter. The effectiveness of the transmitter, however, can vary by area; cities with a lot of radio stations around the frequency it's using can interfere with the transmitter's signal. The device can also be used for music away from the car.

Most navigation units have SD memory card slots for file storage.

Video player. This shows videos previously downloaded to the unit's hard drive or stored on an SD card. Using this feature normally disables navigation while the video is being shown.

Photo viewer. This allows a user to display loaded photos or photos stored on a memory card. They can be shown as single images or as a slideshow.

Foreign languages. In addition to English, many systems offer spoken and displayed directions in Spanish and French, and several have even more choices.

Extra services. In addition to real-time traffic information, some systems now offer such extras as news, weather, gas prices near your location, local events, and local movie titles and times.

HOW TO CHOOSE

Before buying a GPS navigator, think about your typical driving conditions, how often you're in unfamiliar areas, and the features that are most important to you.

If considering a portable unit, we recommend focusing first on how well the system works for navigation. The highestrated models we've tested make it especially easy to enter destinations and give the most helpful directions. Then consider what, if any, extra features you want.

What type of driving do you do? If most of your driving is spent commuting along the same route or running local errands on familiar roads, you might not get much use from a GPS device.

On the other hand, if you often encounter traffic congestion, a nav system can help you plot an alternative route. It also may be worth paying extra for real-time traffic information, which can warn you of traffic congestion, accidents, or road construction, and plot a route around it.

Will you be buying a new car? If so, check to see if a built-in system is available and how much it costs. These are typically easier to use and are nicely integrated into the car. But they are typically more expensive than portable systems, both initially and for subsequent map updates.

If you only need directions occasionally, a cell phone, smart phone, or PDA with navigation capability might meet your needs. With these, you don't have to pay for an expensive in-dash system or carry around another device.

If you often travel in unfamiliar areas, you might find the ease of use of a dedicated navigation system a big plus. If you often fly to new places and rent vehicles, or if you own more than one car, a portable system might be the way to go-especially with prices for entrylevel systems now below $200.

But if most of your driving is done in one car, you'd prefer not to have a unit mounted on the dash or windshield, and you're not on a tight budget, you might be happier with a built-in system.

What about extra features? A full-featured aftermarket model can effectively upgrade an older car with features like Bluetooth hands-free telephone capability, an MP3 player, an iPod connection, and an FM transmitter. If available, live traffic information, weather, and local gas prices can offer an increased measure of safety and convenience. But you may have to take on a subscription fee of about $60 a year.

What are your local laws? California and Minnesota prohibit drivers from installing any device on a windshield, the most common location for portable units, which typically attach there with a suction cup. Check the laws in your area and the mounts available before you buy.

If you travel abroad, look for a portable system with maps for other countries. Most are preloaded with maps of the U.S. and Canada, but some models, such as the TomTom Go 930 T, will also work in Europe and other regions.

Built-in battery convenience. Nearly all portable units come with a built-in battery that will operate for at least three hours on a charge, especially welcome if you want to use it for walking.

While all systems include a plug for your car's 12-volt outlet, a built-in battery with a long operation time lets you use the outlet for another device, such as a cell phone, and it eliminates cord clutter. A battery also enables you to enter a destination and plot a route before you enter the vehicle.

Some models are also packaged with a traditional AC plug for in-home use and recharging. Others charge through a Computer's USB port.

Size matters. It's important to find a good compromise between overall size and a screen large enough to read easily.

Some models are no bigger than a wallet and weigh less than 7 ounces, while others are as large as a paperback book and can weigh 2 pounds or more.

Related CR report: June 2008

Ratings: page 255

Shop smart

Portable GPS units are much less expensive than built-ins, and features in these units have been advancing.

Shop smart

Prices are coming down and budget-priced GPS units now include features previously available only on more expensive models.

Tech tip

Some cell-phone service carriers are now providing GPS navigation that can be accessed through compatible cell phones.

Tech tip

Bluetooth compatibility allows you to make and receive hands-free calls using the GPS's internal speaker and microphone.

MONITORS

Wide-screen LCDs are becoming the display for text and video.

Like TV screens, computer monitors are continuing to go wider and bigger. The squarish 17-inch monitor is now almost obsolete, replaced by wide-screen (16:9 aspect ratio) models in 19- to 24inch sizes. Their wider shape and larger size allow you to more easily view two side-by-side pages or more spreadsheet columns with less scrolling. They're also better, of course, if you plan to watch movies or newer TV shows on your computer screen.

Only a few squarer (4:3 aspect ratio) screens remain available, mostly 17- and 19-inch models. Some offer good value and you might even prefer that shape-if say, you want to maximize screen area in a location where horizontal space is limited.

Prices continue to fall, so if you're buying a monitor bundled with a new computer, as many consumers do, you can often upgrade from the standard display to a larger one for a modest amount-$50 to $150 or so.

WHAT'S AVAILABLE

Apple, Dell, eMachines (merged with Gateway in 2004), Gateway (bought by Acer in 2007), HP (merged with Compaq in 2002), Lenovo, and Sony all market their own monitors for their computers. Other brands of monitors, such as Acer, BenQ, Envision, KDS, LG, NEC, Philips, Planar, Preview, Princeton, Samsung, ViewSonic, and Westinghouse, are sold separately. Many of those companies don't make their own monitors but buy elsewhere and put their own brand label on them.

Unlike the traditional CRT, with an LCD monitor, the nominal image size and the viewable image size are the same. Desktop LCDs that measure 17 or 19 inches diagonally weigh around 15 pounds. LCDs with a screen 20 inches or larger are increasingly available.

Flat-panel displays deliver a very clear image but have some quirks. Their range of color is a bit narrower than a CRT's and you have to view the screen straight on to get optimal image quality. On most models, the picture can lose contrast as you move off-center, and fine lines might appear grainy. Prices: $150 and up for a 17-inch; $200 and up for a 19- or 20-inch monitor; $250 and up for a 22-inch; $450 and up for a 24-inch.

FEATURES THAT COUNT

A monitor's resolution refers to the number of picture elements, or pixels, that make up an image. More pixels mean finer detail. Most monitors can display at several resolutions, generally from 640x480 to 1920x1200, depending on the monitor and the graphics card. An LCD usually displays its sharpest image when set to its "native" resolution-typically 1024x768 pixels for a 15-inch screen; 1280x1024 (17 inches); 1440x900 (19 inches); 1680x1050 (22 inches); or 1920x1200 (24 inches).

The higher the resolution, the smaller the text and images, so more content can fit on the screen.

A flat-panel display's response time indicates how fast the pixels can turn on and off; it is not a good indicator of how well the screen can handle fast motion.

Monitors have controls for brightness and contrast Most of them also have controls for odor balance (or color temperature), distortion, and such.

Some monitors include a microphone, USB port, integrated or separate speakers, or S-video and component inputs for viewing the output of a DVD player or camcorder. You might also see LCD displays with mem- ory-card readers, and iPod docks en- abling you to view images or play music through the monitor. Plug-and-play capability makes it simple to add a new monitor to an existing computer.

Virtually all new monitors have the DVT ports needed to take advantage of higherend video cards, but not all include the necessary cable (about $10). And many include HDMI interface) ports. If you choose a monitor without one, you can buy an adapter for $25 or less that turns a DVI port into an HDMI connector, though with video but no audio.

HOW TO CHOOSE

After settling on a shape and size, here's what else to consider.

Look at display quality. The most important attribute in a monitor, display quality isn't a major worry, thanks to a generally high standard of performance. All of the monitors tested for our latest Ratings had very good display quality, and one smaller model even achieved an excellent score. The worst performers were still good, which is adequate for many people.

A note to video viewers: Don't expect TV images to look as good as they do on your flat-panel TV. Even the best monitors fell short of most LCD TVs.

Check the viewing angle. Few monitors measure up to the best LCD TVs for viewing from a wide angle. That won't matter for typical computer use. However, if you plan to often share your screen with a crowd, say for slide shows or games, you may want to pick a model that experiences less image degradation when viewed at an angle.

Consider easy adjustments. Virtually all new displays tilt up or down, for a quick adjustment. For extra flexibility, look for monitors that allow you to adjust their height. Such models may also allow the ability to rotate 90 degrees, from a landscape to portrait mode, useful for viewing a larger vertical portion of Web pages or text documents.

Also look for conveniently placed controls that adjust contrast, brightness, and other settings that affect images. We prefer a dedicated front-positioned contrast/brightness control.

Take a shine, or not. Like laptop displays, LCD monitors are showing up with glossy screens instead of a matte finish. The glossy screen can make dark areas of the image appear deeper and less washed out in bright, ambient light. But they can also reflect light-colored objects in the room, such as a mirror. Choose a glossy screen that has an antireflective surface, which might minimize this problem.

Look for a long warranty. Many monitors come with a three-year warranty on parts and labor, but others have only oneyear coverage. It's worth looking for the longer coverage, especially if you're purchasing a more expensive model.

Related CR report: June 2008

Shop smart

Buying a monitor bundled with a new computer can save you $50 to $150.

PRINTERS

Economical all-in-one models can scan and copy, and some fax, too.

Inkjet printers have become the standard for home-computer use. They turn out color photos nearly indistinguishable from lab-processed photos, along with banners, transparencies, T-shirt transfers, and greeting cards. Many produce excellent black-and-white text. With some very good models selling for less than $200, it's no. surprise that inkjets account for the vast majority of printers sold for home use.

Laser printers still have their place in home offices. If you print reams of blackand-white text documents, you probably need the quality, speed, and low per-copy cost of a laser printer.

Printers use a computer's microprocessor and memory to process the print job. The latest inkjets and lasers are so fast partly because computers have become more powerful.

WHAT'S AVAILABLE

The printer market is dominated by a handful of well-established brands. Hewlett-Packard is the market leader. Other major brands include Brother, Canon, Dell, Epson, Kodak, and Lexmark. Printers designed for printing 4x6inch snapshots are also sold by Olympus, Panasonic, Samsung, and Sony.

The way a printer connects to a computer depends on its ports. AU printers have a USB port that lets them connect to Windows or Mac computers. Many printers also have optional Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or infrared wireless connectivity.

PictBridge lets you connect a camera directly to a printer, and some models will print and download photos right off your camera's memory card.

Inkjet printers. Inkjets use droplets of ink to form letters, graphics, and photos. Some printers have one cartridge that holds the cyan (greenish-blue), magenta, and yellow inks, and a second cartridge for the black ink. Others have a cartridge for each color. For photos, many inkjets have additional cartridges that contain lighter cyan and magenta inks, or gray ink.

Most inkjet printers output black-andwhite text at a speed of 2 to 9 pages per minute (ppm) but are much slower for color photos. Various models we tested took 2 to over 14 minutes to print a single 8x10, depending on the quality of the image.

It can take as little as one minute to print a 4x6 snapshot, and can cost as little as 25 cents. The cost of printing a color 8x10 photo can range from 80 cents to $2.80, including ink and paper. The cost of printing a black-and-white text page with an inkjet varies considerably from model to model, from 2 to 10 cents. Printer price: $50 to $400.

You can also get printers with scanning, copying, and fax capability. Many all-inones cost no more and take up little more space than a plain printer. What's more, all-in-ones are actually getting cheaper and more versatile. But scanners in all-inone units can be slower than standalone inkjet models, which are best for negatives and slides. Price: $80 and up.

In our tests, inkjet all-in-ones and regular inkjets performed similarly, cost about the same to use, and printed at similar speeds. A few inkjet all-in-ones and plain inkjets printed a color 4x6 in less than 2 minutes, and a few relatively frugal ones printed one for as little as 25 cents.

Specialty snapshot printers. For printing photos at home, a speedy snapshot printer can be more convenient than a full-sized model. Most are limited to 4x6inch snapshots, but a few models can also print on 5x7 paper. Those models use either inkjet or dye-sublimation technology, in which a waxy ink is fused to paper from a roll of plastic film.

Like most full-sized inkjet printers, most of those models can hook up directly via cable to a digital camera through the PictBridge connection, or can print directly from your camera's memory card so you can print without using a computer. Price: $100 to $200.

Laser printers. These work much like plain-paper copiers, forming images by transferring toner (powdered ink) to paper passing over an electrically charged drum. The process yields sharp black-andwhite text. Laser printers usually outrun inkjets, cranking out black-and-white text at a rate of 12 to 18 ppm. Black-and-white laser printers generally cost about as much as midpriced inkjets, but they're cheaper to operate. Laser cartridges, about $50 to $100, can print thousands of black-andwhite pages for a per-page cost of 2 to 3 cents. Price: $100 and up.

Networkable lasers can be shared by all of the computers on a home network. Price: $130 and up.

All-in-one laser printers add scanning, copying, and sometimes fax capability. The laser all-in-ones we tested were noticeably slower at printing text than the plain lasers. Price: $200 and up.

Color laser printers are also available, but they are slower than black-and-white models. They cost as much to use as the better inkjet models, and they're not a good choice for printing photos. They're also very bulky. Price: $300 and up.

FEATURES THAT COUNT

Printers differ in the detail they can produce. Resolution, expressed in dots per inch (dpi), is often touted as the main measure of print quality. But other factors, such as the way dot patterns are formed by software instructions from the printer driver, also count.

At their default settings-where they're usually expected to run-inkjets currently on the market typically have a resolution of 600x600 dpi. The dpi can be increased for color photos. Some printers go up to 5760x1440 dpi. Laser printers for home use typically offer 600 or 1200 dpi.

Printing color inkjet photos on photo paper at a higher dpi setting can produce smoother shading of colors but can slow printing significantly.

Most inkjet printers have an ink monitor to warn when you're running low. Manufacturers have been giving all-in-ones more features, such as networking, which lets you use the unit from any computer in either a wired or wireless home network; an LCD screen for viewing and editing photos; and a memory-card reader.

For double-sided printing, you can print the odd-numbered pages of a document first, then flip those pages over to print the even-numbered pages. A few printers can automatically print on both sides, but it will slow down printing.

HOW TO CHOOSE

Can you live with black-and-white? If so, get a laser' printer like the black-and-white models in the Ratings. For text, they have the lowest cost per copy (which reflects long-term printing costs) and the fastest speed. But unlike inkjets, they don't print in color.

Be skeptical about advertised speeds. Print speed varies depending on what you're printing and at what quality, but the speeds you see in ads are generally higher than you're likely to get in normal use. You can't reliably compare speeds for different brands because each company uses its own methods to measure speed. We run the same tests on all models, printing text pages and photos that are similar to what you might print. Thus our print times are realistic and can be compared across brands.

Don't get hung up on resolution. A printer's resolution, expressed in dots per inch, is another potential source of confusion. All things being equal, the more ink dots a printer puts on the paper, the more detailed the image. But dot size, shape, and placement also affect quality, so don't base your choice solely on resolution.

Consider supply costs as well as a printer's price. High ink-cartridge costs can make a bargain-priced printer a bad deal in the long run. Shop around for the best cartridge prices, but be wary of offbrands. We have found that brand-name cartridges have better print quality and fade-resistance, and per-page costs are often comparable.

Glossy photo paper costs about 25 to 75 cents a sheet, so use plain paper for works in progress and save the good stuff for the final results. We got the best results using the recommended brand of paper.

You might be tempted to buy a cheaper brand, but lower-grade paper can reduce photo quality.

Decide whether you want to print photos without using a computer. Printing without a computer saves you an extra step and a little time. Features such as a memory-card reader, PictBridge support (a standard that allows a compatible camera to be connected directly to the printer), or a wireless interface are convenient.

But when you print directly from camera to printer, you compromise on what might have attracted you to digital photography in the first place-the ability to tweak size, color, brightness, and other image attributes, though you can do some editing on a printer with an LCD screen.

Weigh convenience features. Most printers can make borderless prints like those from a photo finisher. This matters most if you're printing to the full size of the paper, as you might with 4x6-inch sheets. If you plan to use 4x6-inch paper regularly, look for a printer with a 4x6-inch tray or a second paper tray, which makes it easier to feed paper this size. With these small sheets, though, the cost per photo might be higher than combining a few images on 8½ x 11-inch paper.

With some models, if you want to use the photo inks to get the best picture quality, you have to remove the blackink cartridge and" replace it with the photo-ink cartridge. Then, to print text or graphics, you have to reinsert the black cartridge. Models that hold all the ink tanks simultaneously eliminate that hassle.

Consider connections. All new computers and printers have USB 2.0 ports, which are compatible with plain USB, but they don't enable much faster print speeds than plain USB.

Decide whether you need scanning and copying. If you just need to print, a regular printer is obviously your best choice. If you need to scan, copy, or fax, too, get an all-in-one.

Related CR report: May 2008

Ratings: page 275

Shop smart

Consider an all-in-one printer that copies, scans, and even faxes.

Tech tip

All things being equal, the more dots per inch, the-more detailed the image. But dot size, shape, and placement also affect quality.

SMART PHONES

Long usod by corporate travelers to keep up with e-mail and appointments, smart phones are now catching on with consumers.

Some want to tap out text messages on a QWERTY-style keyboard rather than the tiny keypad of a cell phone. Others see no reason to tote a PDA and a cell phone when a smart phone can do the job of both.

WHAT'S AVAILABLE

Major smart-phone makers include Apple, BlackBerry, LG Electronics, Motorola, Nokia, Palm, and Samsung. Most are sold by the major carriers: Alltel, AT&T, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile, and Verizon Wireless. Some carriers sell their own brand of smart phones manufactured by Casio, HTC, and other phone makers. Phone prices with a two-year contract, including rebates, range from about $100 to $300. Phones purchased without a contract start at $400.

FEATURES THAT COUNT

In addition to the key features that all phones share, there are some specific to smart phones. Here are some to look for:

Document editing. All smart phones allow you to review documents. Some models add the convenience of creating, deleting, and editing them.

Touch screen. Many smart phones have a touch-sensitive display that responds to light contact with a stylus, finger, or both. They provide an alternate, and sometimes more direct, method of inputting data and launching phone features and controls.

QWERTY keyboard. Most smart phones have a full keyboard, which makes composing and editing messages much easier than they are with a condensed keyboard or regular keypad.

Bluetooth data. Most Bluetooth-equipped cell phones can link only with wireless headsets and hands-free systems in cars. But those with Bluetooth-data support can wirelessly exchange pictures, contacts, and other files with other compatible Bluetooth devices, such as a computer, cell phone, or PDA.

Memory card. Many phones have slots that accept memory cards to expand storage capacity by as much as 32 gigabytes. The removable cards can also serve as an easy way to shuttle files between your phone and other devices-provided the phone's maker didn't bury the card slot behind the battery cover. Card formats include Secure Digital (SD) card, miniSD, and microSD.

Wi-Fi. Cell-phone data networks-even those designated as "3G broadband"-are much slower than broadband Internet connections. But a growing number of phones have a built-in Wi-Fi radio that allows them faster Internet and e-mail access via home networks and Wi-Fi hotspots. On some phones, the Wi-Fi is just for Web browsing; on others, you can use the connection to swap files with a computer or make calls via VoIP.

Mac compatibility. Most smart phones let you synchronize appointments, contacts, and documents with a computer, but only some can do that with Macintosh computers.

HOW TO CHOOSE

Decide on the kind of phone you want. Phones with business-focused capabilities allow you to create and edit spreadsheets and documents, and they usually come with Microsoft Outlook, Palm Desktop, or other personal information management software for your PC. Many have touch screens for accessing the phone's many features. Smart phones geared toward personal use are fine for playing music and other multimedia, reading e-mail messages, and opening office-type attachments, but they don't allow you to create or edit documents and spreadsheets.

Choose a carrier. Most phones work only with a specific carrier, so you might have to decide whether to stay with your current provider or select a new one when shopping for a phone. Major carriers use one of two digital networks: CDMA (Alltel, Sprint, and Verizon) or GSM (AT&T and T-Mobile). The network plays a big part in the capabilities your phone will have and, to some extent, its performance.

Consider the data network. Smart phones that support the fastest wireless broadband data networks, also known as "3G," are best for Web surfing, streaming videos or music, or downloading dataheavy attachments. If you're a Verizon, Sprint Nextel, or Alltel customer, look for models that support EV-DO data protocols. For AT&T customers, the 3G protocol is called HSDPA. T-Mobile is rolling out its 3G data connections. 3G phones typically "downshift" to slower data protocols (IxRTT, EDGE) when 3G service is not available. Check with your carrier to see which broadband data networks are supported in your area.

Consider the operating system. Smart phones run on various operating systems, each with its own character. The operating system affects a phone's capabilities, ease of use, and other conveniences.

* BlackBerry. One of the simplest operating systems for e-mail. E-mail setup and account management is among the easiest-especially on T-Mobile. Push capability automatically sends e-mails to the phone so that you don't have to check it manually. Most models have easy trackball navigation, but lack touch-screen support. And, on many models, you can't create and edit Office documents such as Word and Excel.

* Danger. Used on the Sidekick, this relatively simple interface makes text and instant messaging a snap. But some other tasks, including dialing, are not always intuitive. Lacks automatic notification of new e-mail messages, including push e-mail. Also, you can't create and edit Office documents, such as Word and Excel.

* OS X. A mobile version of the OS X found on Macintosh computers designed to work with finger-driven touch screens. It's what makes many of the iPhone's innovative features possible, including a full-featured version of the Safari Web browser, with rich HTML, e-mail, searching, and map functions. Alas, this multimedia powerhouse doesn't yet allow users to edit or create Office documents.

* Palm. This user-friendly touch-screen interface features programmable shortcuts and hard buttons for messaging, phone, and other applications. Supports full-featured e-mail and Office programs. Among the best operating systems for basic PDA functions-contacts, calendar, and task lists-but can only run one Office-type application at a time.

* Symbian or Series 60. Found primarily on Nokia phones, the basic version is difficult to use, especially when setting up and using e-mail. Also, you can't create and edit Office documents out of the box, such as Word and Excel. The more powerful version is a little better at those tasks, and lets you edit Office documents, though its folder-based interface makes navigation a challenge.

* Windows Mobile. Its interface is similar to Windows, which makes navigation intuitive to PC users. It synchronizes easily with Microsoft Outlook on a PC, and you can buy software for syncing with Macs. Easy to switch between applications and run multiple programs. But running several applications might slow performance. Closing applications is also complicated. The more powerful version supports a touch screen for easier navigation and full-featured e-mail and Office programs. The basic version only allows you to view documents such as Word and Excel, and lacks touch-screen support.

Look for useful features. Cameras and music players are fun, but other features such as a touch-sensitive display, Bluetooth data, and Wi-Fi access might be more critical for easier use.

Size up the keyboard and display. A smart phone's shape and size are largely determined by its keyboard and display. Some models have a QWERTY keyboard that slides out from behind the phone. Others open like an eyeglass case to reveal a keyboard, or leave the keyboard in plain sight. Still other models have a virtual keyboard on their touch-sensitive displays. Overall, we found pecking out messages on their mirror-smooth, buttonless surfaces to be a challenge.

If you plan to do a lot of typing, look for a keyboard with raised keys, clearly labeled, and well spaced and sized. Make sure the keys provide solid tactile feedback. The display and keyboard should be easy to read under different lighting conditions. Overall, we've found that a full QWERTY keyboard is best for composing and editing text and e-mail messages. Some keyboards cram multiple letters, numbers, and symbols on a single key to save space. But those "condensed" keyboards, though still more convenient than keypads, are not as easy to handle as full keyboards.

Consider the plan. Using the extra, network-dependent capabilities of a smart phone requires a regular (voice/text) phone plan and a data plan for Web surfing and sending and receiving e-mail. Depending on the carrier, prices for the two combined start at $45 to $80 a month with a twoyear contract. But you can easily spend more than $200 a month as you acid minutes, text messages, and other services.

Related CR report: January 2008 .

Ratings: page 289

Shop smart

The network plays a big part in the capabilities your smart phone will have and, to some extent, its performance.